Pramāṇa (Sanskrit: प्रमाण, Pramāṇas) literally means "proof" and "means of knowledge".
- Pratyakṣa (perception),
- Anumāṇa (inference),
- Upamāṇa (comparison and analogy),
- Arthāpatti (postulation, derivation from circumstances),
- Anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof) and
- Śabda (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts).
Believer
- Carvaka school holds that only one (perception) is a reliable source of knowledge,
- Buddhism holds two (perception, inference) are valid means,
- Jainism holds three (perception, inference and testimony),
- Nyaya school holds Pratyakṣa(perception), Anumāṇa (inference), Upamāṇa (comparison and analogy) and Śabda (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts).
- while Mimamsa and Advaita Vedanta schools hold all six are useful and can be reliable means to knowledge
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